| Animal Research: |
| Drug Development Communications, 1999, 25(8):905-915. | | Influence of Drug Lipophilicity on Terpenes as Transdermal Penetration Enhancers.[Reference: WebLink] |
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Percutaneous absorption-enhancing effects on the skin of hairless mice of 11 monoterpenes [1, (+)-limonene; 2, (-)-Menthone; 3, (+)-terpinen-4-ol; 4, α-terpineol; 5, 1,8-cineole; 6, (+)-carvone; 7, (−)-verbenone; 8, (−)-fenchone; 9, p-cymene; 10, (+)-neomenthol; and 11, geraniol] were investigated using three different model drugs (caffeine, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone acetonide [TA]) with varying lipophilicities. Terpenes were applied at 0.4 M in propylene glycol (PG) to mouse skin. The model drugs were applied as suspensions in PG 1 hr following enhancer pretreatment. The combination of terpenes in PG provided significant enhancement of the permeation of caffeine through mouse skin. The most active compounds 10 and 11 increased permeation by between 13-fold and 16-fold. The terpenes also enhanced the delivery of hydrocortisone, but not to as great an extent. The most active compounds 3 and 4 increased permeation between 3.9-fold and 5-fold. The compounds examined did not significantly increase the delivery of TA. The most active compound 4 only increased delivery 2.5-fold, while the next most active compound 6 only increased delivery 1.7-fold.
CONCLUSIONS:
Overall, these results indicate that the combination of terpenes with PG can significantly increase the transdermal penetration of the hydrophilic drug caffeine and the polar steroid hydrocortisone. |
|
| Structure Identification: |
| Phytochemistry, 1980, 19(10):2103-2110. | | Chemogenetic evidence supporting multiple allele control of the biosynthesis of (−)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone stereoisomers in Mentha species.[Reference: WebLink] | The essential oils of certain Mentha species and chemotypes have proportions of (-)-Menthone and (+)-isomenthone which differ but show a high degree of heritability in clonal propagation. Oil from an F2 individual (69–296), selected from numerous 4n M.
longifolia (4n = 48) × M. crispa (2n = 48) hybrids for high isomenthone content, had 41.3% isomenthone; the associated but seldom observed alcohols, 1.6% isomenthol, 10.3% neoiso-menthol; and 13% of their esters; in contrast to 8% menthone with 0.1% menthol, 5.0% neo-menthol, and 1.7% esters. Self-pollination of strain 69–296 gave a 3:1 ratio of high isomenthone: high menthone.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Crosses with a true breeding high menthone plant having 80% menthone and 3.2% isomenthone gave a 1:1 ratio of the parental phenotypes by GLC analyses and herbage odor. This and data from high isomenthone and high menthone crosses with tester strains lead us to postulate the involvement of a single locus having multiple alleles with true breeding menthone having the genotype Ps Ps, true breeding isomenthone Pr Pr, 69–296 Pr Ps, and high pulegone pp. The Pr allele is not completely dominant over the Ps allele in 69–296 as about 18% of the total ketone derived from pulegone is menthone. Both are dominant over the recessive allele p that largely prevents menthone development.
CONCLUSIONS:
The quantitative amounts of the two isomers are believed to be controlled by the six combinations of the three alleles in a diploid species with graded effects obtained in the more complex genotypes possible in double diploid and octoploid species. 69–296 has (−)-piperitone even though (+)-piperitone is believed to be the common isomer in Mentha. |
|
Cell. 2018 Jan 11;172(1-2):249-261.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.019.IF=36.216(2019)
Cell Metab. 2020 Mar 3;31(3):534-548.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.002.IF=22.415(2019)
Mol Cell. 2017 Nov 16;68(4):673-685.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.022.IF=14.548(2019)
ACS Nano. 2018 Apr 24;12(4): 3385-3396. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08969.IF=13.903(2019)
Nature Plants. 2016 Dec 22;3: 16206. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2016.205.IF=13.297(2019)
Sci Adv. 2018 Oct 24;4(10): eaat6994. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6994.IF=12.804(2019)