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Gypenoside XVII
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Product Name Gypenoside XVII
Price: $80 / 20mg
CAS No.: 80321-69-3
Catalog No.: CFN90193
Molecular Formula: C48H82O18
Molecular Weight: 947.16 g/mol
Purity: >=98%
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids
Physical Desc.: White powder
Source: The roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen.
Solvent: DMSO, Pyridine, Methanol, Ethanol, etc.
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Biological Activity
Description: Gypenoside XVII confers protection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt pathways, inactivation of GSK-3β and activation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathways. Gypenoside XVII has protective effects to the cellular and rodent models of Alzheimer's disease by activating TFEB.
Targets: Beta Amyloid | PI3K | Akt | GSK-3 | Nrf2 | HO-1 | ARE
In vitro:
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Aug 15;279(1):63-75.
Attenuation of Aβ25-35-induced parallel autophagic and apoptotic cell death by gypenoside XVII through the estrogen receptor-dependent activation of Nrf2/ARE pathways.[Pubmed: 24726523]
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) has a pivotal function in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
To investigate Aβ neurotoxicity, we used an in vitro model that involves Aβ25-35-induced cell death in the nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. Aβ25-35 (20μM) treatment for 24h caused apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by significant cell viability reduction, LDH release, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation in PC12 cells. Aβ25-35 treatment led to autophagic cell death, as evidenced by augmented GFP-LC3 puncta, conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Aβ25-35 treatment induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by intracellular ROS accumulation and increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8-OHdG. Phytoestrogens have been proved to be protective against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and regarded as relatively safe targets for AD drug development. Gypenoside XVII (GP-17) is a novel phytoestrogen isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum or Panax notoginseng. Pretreatment with Gypenoside XVII(10μM) for 12h increased estrogen response element reporter activity, activated PI3K/Akt pathways, inhibited GSK-3β, induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, augmented antioxidant responsive element enhancer activity, upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and activity, and provided protective effects against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. In conclusion, Gypenoside XVII conferred protection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt pathways, inactivation of GSK-3β and activation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathways.
CONCLUSIONS:
This finding might provide novel insights into understanding the mechanism for neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens or gypenosides.
J Ginseng Res. 2012 Oct;36(4):418-24.
Enzymatic Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII into Ginsenosides Rd and F2 by Recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae.[Pubmed: 23717145]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
This study focused on the enzymatic biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rb1 into Rd for the mass production of minor ginsenosides using a novel recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. The gene (bglF3) consisting of 2,235 bp (744 amino acid residues) was cloned and the recombinant enzyme overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was characterized. This enzyme could transform ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII to the ginsenosides Rd and F2, respectively. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) fused BglF3 was purified with GST-bind agarose resin and characterized. The kinetic parameters for β-glucosidase had apparent Km values of 0.91±0.02 and 2.84±0.05 mM and Vmax values of 5.75±0.12 and 0.71±0.01 μmol·min(-1)·mg of protein(-1) against p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and Rb1, respectively. At optimal conditions of pH 6.0 and 37℃, BglF3 could only hydrolyze the outer glucose moiety of ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII at the C-20 position of aglycon into ginsenosides Rd and F2, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that the recombinant BglF3 could be useful for the mass production of ginsenosides Rd and F2 in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.
In vivo:
J Alzheimers Dis. 2016 Apr 5;52(3):1135-50.
Gypenoside XVII Enhances Lysosome Biogenesis and Autophagy Flux and Accelerates Autophagic Clearance of Amyloid-β through TFEB Activation.[Pubmed: 27060963 ]
A strategy for activating transcription factor EB (TFEB) to restore autophagy flux may provide neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease. Our previous study reported that Gypenoside XVII (GP-17), which is a major saponin abundant in ginseng and Panax notoginseng, ameliorated amyloid-β (Aβ)25-35-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by regulating autophagy.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, we aimed to determine whether GP-17 has neuroprotective effects on PC12 cells expressing the Swedish mutant of APP695 (APP695swe) and APP/PS1 mice. We also investigated the underlying mechanism. We found that GP-17 could significantly increase Atg5 expression and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II in APP695 cells, which was associated with a reduction in p62 expression. GP-17 also elevated the number of LC3 puncta in APP695 cells transduced with pCMV-GFP-LC3. GP-17 promoted the autophagy-based elimination of AβPP, Aβ40, and Aβ42 in APP695swe cells and prevented the formation of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, spatial learning and memory deficits were cured. Atg5 knockdown could abrogate the GP-17-mediated removal of AβPP, Aβ40, and Aβ42 in APP695swe cells. GP-17 upregulated LAMP-1, increased LysoTracker staining, and augmented LAMP-1/LC3-II co-localization. GP-17 could release TFEB from TFEB/14-3-3 complexes, which led to TFEB nuclear translocation and the induction of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis and resulted in the amelioration of autophagy flux. The knockdown of TFEB could abolish these effects of GP-17.
CONCLUSIONS:
In summary, these results demonstrated that GP-17 conferred protective effects to the cellular and rodent models of Alzheimer's disease by activating TFEB.
Gypenoside XVII Description
Source: The roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen.
Solvent: DMSO, Pyridine, Methanol, Ethanol, etc.
Storage: Providing storage is as stated on the product vial and the vial is kept tightly sealed, the product can be stored for up to 24 months(2-8C).

Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20C. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour.

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After receiving: The packaging of the product may have turned upside down during transportation, resulting in the natural compounds adhering to the neck or cap of the vial. take the vial out of its packaging and gently shake to let the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial. for liquid products, centrifuge at 200-500 RPM to gather the liquid at the bottom of the vial. try to avoid loss or contamination during handling.
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Calculate Dilution Ratios(Only for Reference)
1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 1.0558 mL 5.2789 mL 10.5579 mL 21.1158 mL 26.3947 mL
5 mM 0.2112 mL 1.0558 mL 2.1116 mL 4.2232 mL 5.2789 mL
10 mM 0.1056 mL 0.5279 mL 1.0558 mL 2.1116 mL 2.6395 mL
50 mM 0.0211 mL 0.1056 mL 0.2112 mL 0.4223 mL 0.5279 mL
100 mM 0.0106 mL 0.0528 mL 0.1056 mL 0.2112 mL 0.2639 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's need to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data of the sheet for your reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.
Protocol
Structure Identification:
Biotechnol Lett. 2014 Jun;36(6):1287-93.
Highly selective hydrolysis for the outer glucose at the C-20 position in ginsenosides by β-glucosidase from Thermus thermophilus and its application to the production of ginsenoside F2 from gypenoside XVII.[Pubmed: 24563303]
β-Glucosidase from Thermus thermophilus has specific hydrolytic activity for the outer glucose at the C-20 position in protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides without hydrolysis of the inner glucose.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The hydrolytic activity of the enzyme for Gypenoside XVII was optimal at pH 6.5 and 90 °C, with a half-life of 1 h with 3 g enzyme l(-1) and 4 g Gypenoside XVII l(-1). Under the optimized conditions, the enzyme converted the substrate Gypenoside XVII to ginsenoside F2 with a molar yield of 100 % and a productivity of 4 g l(-1) h(-1). The conversion yield and productivity of ginsenoside F2 are the highest reported thus far among enzymatic transformations.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015 Mar 31.
An amino acid at position 512 in β-glucosidase from Clavibacter michiganensis determines the regioselectivity for hydrolyzing gypenoside XVII.[Pubmed: 25820645]
A recombinant β-glucosidase from Clavibacter michiganensis specifically hydrolyzed the outer and inner glucose linked to the C-3 position in protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides and the C-6 position in protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides except for the hydrolysis of gypenoside LXXV (GypLXXV). The enzyme converted Gypenoside XVII (GypXVII) to gypenoside LXXV by hydrolyzing the inner glucose linked to the C-3 position.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The substrate-binding residues obtained from the Gypenoside XVII-docked homology models of β-glucosidase from C. michiganensis were replaced with alanine, and the amino acid residue at position 512 was selected because of the changed regioselectivity of W512A. Site-directed mutagenesis for the amino acid residue at position 512 was performed. W512A and W512K hydrolyzed the inner glucose linked to the C-3 position and the outer glucose linked to the C-20 position of Gypenoside XVII to produce gypenoside LXXV and F2. W512R hydrolyzed only the outer glucose linked to the C-20 position of Gypenoside XVII to produce F2. However, W512E and W512D exhibited no activity for Gypenoside XVII.
CONCLUSIONS:
Thus, the amino acid at position 512 is a critical residue to determine the regioselectivity for the hydrolysis of Gypenoside XVII. These wild-type and variant enzymes produced diverse ginsenosides, including Gypenoside XVII, GypLXXV, F2, and compound K, from ginsenoside Rb1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the alteration of regioselectivity on ginsenoside hydrolysis by protein engineering.
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